79th anniversary of the execution of Qazi Muhammad: Revisiting a Lasting Legacy of Justice and Democracy
World War II and a New Political Space in Kurdistan Following the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent occupation of Iran by Allied forces, the northern and western regions of the country, including parts of Kurdistan, came under Soviet control. The fall of Reza Shah’s dictatorship and the resulting power vacuum in Tehran created an unprecedented opportunity for political and social activity in parts of Iranian Kurdistan. This allowed intellectuals and activists to organise and pursue their long-denied rights.
From ‘Komala’ to the Democratic Party In response, the modern political organisation, The Society for the Revival of Kurdistan (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan or Komala J.K.), was formed in 1943. This underground group laid the foundation for more structured movements. Building on this base, Qazi Muhammad founded the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan in Mahabad in 1945. This became the first fully structured political party in Iranian Kurdistan, marking a new phase in the political struggle.
The Autonomous Republic and Civil Leadership On 21 January 1946, the ‘Republic of Kurdistan‘ was declared in Mahabad under Qazi Muhammad’s leadership. Though short-lived, this period of governance was notable for its tolerance and civility.
Hailing from a respected religious family, Qazi Muhammad led with a focus on cultural development and nonviolence. There were no repressive security forces, private property was respected and critics could speak freely. One of his most progressive achievements was establishing the first girls’ school in Mahabad and promoting women’s participation in society — an exceptionally bold move at the time.
The Fall of the Republic and a Historic Decision Following the withdrawal of Soviet forces, the central government regained control. As the republic collapsed in late 1946, Qazi Muhammad was confronted with a pivotal decision. Although he could have fled and saved his life, he chose to remain in Mahabad. Knowing that this would seal his fate, he did so in order to prevent bloodshed and protect civilians from possible retaliation.
Execution in Chwar Chra (Çiwar Çira) Square Following the army’s return, Qazi Muhammad and several of his companions were arrested. During closed and unfair military trials, he staunchly defended his beliefs and refused to surrender.
On 30 March 1947, he and two companions were executed in Mahabad’s Chwar Chra Square — the same place where the republic had been declared a year earlier.
Lasting Impact and Symbol of Justice His execution did not silence his voice. Instead, his legacy as a realistic, peaceful, and rights-focused leader has had a profound influence on future Kurdish movements. His ideals continue to resonate today. For instance, the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) later adopted the republic’s flag as a symbol of resistance, demonstrating the enduring significance of the Mahabad Republic.
Conclusion: On the 79th anniversary of Qazi Muhammad’s execution, it is important to revisit this history and recognise that the struggle for freedom and civil rights has deep roots. Qazi Muhammad‘s life showed that true progress comes through awareness, tolerance, respect for human rights and staying true to one’s principles — values that continue to inspire new generations.
Images from the 2022 Women, Life, Freedom (Jin, Jiyan, Azadî) movement in Rojhelat Kurdistan reflect a new generation continuing the struggle for rights and dignity. While rooted in the broader context of protests across Iran, these demonstrations in Rojhelat carried a distinct historical resonance—echoing the legacy of Qazi Muhammad through modern forms of thought, organization, and civil resistance.